After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two PROBLEMS relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

In this paper, we will study the  optimal CONTROL problem of a system containing a differential integral (D-I) operator. We will deduce the necessary optimality conditions and apply it first to the problem of minimum energy to find the lowest energy for an electrical circuit containing a resistor, a coil and a capacitor (RLC circuit), and second to the problem of the minimum time to transfer electrical current in  RLC circuit from one state to another in the shortest possible time.

A common method for CONTROLling a group of parallel converters in decentralized CONTROL strategy structure in an island microgrid, the use is the droop-down characteristics of frequency ω-P and voltage E-Q. However, the problem with using this method is that the reactive power is not properly distributed (in proportion to the capacity of the micronutrients) between the micronutrients, which may lead to overload in the converters. Microgrids may also suffer from dynamic stability PROBLEMS such as power fluctuations, which can be increased by switching between active and reactive power CONTROL. To avoid this problem, the X / R ratio of transmission lines is an important parameter that should be carefully considered in the design of micronutrient CONTROLlers. By linearizing and simplifying conditions, the CONTROL system conversion function model becomes a single input-single output system, which is efficient enough to show the relationship between CONTROL parameters such as slope of droop characteristics and derivative sentences, virtual impedance, and voltage CONTROLlers. Using this model, stability conditions for different parameters are analyzed. Also, to improve power distribution stability, common droop strategies are modified by adjusting the slope as well as adding nonlinear sentence sections. This approach reduces the coupling between active and reactive power CONTROL and reduces the dependence of power distribution on grid parameters such as the X / R ratio. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed model, the simulation results in a sample island microgrid in MATLAB software are presented.

The optimal CONTROL of problem is about finding a CONTROL law for a given system such that a certain optimality criterion is achieved. Methods of solving the optimal CONTROL PROBLEMS are divided into direct methods and mediated methods (through other equations). In this paper, the PSO- SVM indirect method is used to solve a class of optimal CONTROL PROBLEMS. In this paper, we try to determine the appropriate algorithm to improve our answers to PROBLEMS.

In this paper, a numerical technique is proposed to solve optimal CONTROL PROBLEMS (OPCs) of Volterra integral equations (VIEs). We apply the linear B-spline polynomials to solve OPCs by VIEs. The B-spline function divides the interval into sub-intervals and then built a different approximating polynomial on each sub-interval. In this method, optimal trajectory and CONTROL functions are expanded in terms of B-spline functions. The linear B-spline operational matrix of integration and multiplication are utilized in the proposed method. The main characteristic this method is that by using the suggested numerical technique and the related operational matrices, optimal CONTROL problem governed by Volterra integral equations is converted to a system of equations. Suffice it to say that this scheme simplifies the main PROBLEMS and also makes to obtain a good approximate solution for them. In the end, there are two illustrative examples which numerical results show the validity and applicability of our method.

We present the quantum equation and synthesize an optimal CONTROL proce dure for this equation. We develop a theoretical method for the analysis of quantum optimal CONTROL system given by the time depending Schrödinger equation. The Legendre wavelet method is proposed for solving this problem. This can be used as an efficient and accurate computational method for obtaining numerical solutions of different quantum optimal CONTROL PROBLEMS. The distinguishing feature of this paper is that it makes the method, previously used to solve non-quantum CONTROL equations based on Legendre wavelets, usable by using a change of variables for quantum CONTROL equations.

The objective of this article is to derive the necessary optimality conditions, known as Pontryagin's minimum principle, for fuzzy optimal CONTROL PROBLEMS based on the concepts of differentiability and integrability of a fuzzy mapping that may be parameterized by the left and right-hand functions of its a-level sets.